I noticed that in Leads and Contacts, the Name field is split into subfields of Salutation, First Name, and Last Name, while the data type of the collective Name field is "Name". Is there a way that I can do this on custom objects or with custom fields? Or is this something that's only available on these standard objects?
You could always create formula fields to show as many values as you want in one field but the functionality you mention here is only available in standard fields like contact name and address.
