How to manage year-over-year activities

Our small foundation (ED plus board member volunteers) has pretty much a yearly cycle of activities, ex: Process teacher grants in January, allocate to funds at end of each quarter, disburse student scholarships in October, and so on.  Same activities on the same dates, every year.  There are a lot of them.  Most of the knowledge of when they occur and how to perform them lives inside the ED's and board members' brains.

I'm looking for a one-stop, hopefully Salesforce-centric solution for codifying these activities.  I am shooting for this solution to:

* Have calendar-esque, year, month and week views.  (Just knowing when the activities should occur!)

* Have activity reminders that can be sent to both SF users and also non-SF folks (not every board member is an SF user).

* Have an easy way for activity details to point to reports, internal-to-SF and external-to-SF documents which provide supporting resources for accomplishing the activity.

* Have the notion of a simple set of sequential steps to complete the activity that happen on a series of dates (like, within "Process Teacher Grants", step 1, "Solicit requests from teachers" happens on Dec 15, step 2, "review grants" happens on Jan 18, and step 3, "disbursed won grants" happens on Feb 1).  Sort of like proj mgmt but simpler.

* Have a completed/not-completed indicator visible in the bird's eye views.

* Survive ED and board member transitions.

Ideally, when the ED logs in to SF in the morning she sees this resource.

I'm not sure where to start.  Is this as simple as the SF calendar (which I am not familiar with)?  Or a Google calendar with lots of SF links pasted into the Description of events >(hope not, too unstructured)< )?  Seems sort of kanban/Trello-like but more calendar-and-SF centric...

Thanks, I always especially appreciate everyone's ideas for these sorts of "where do I even start" posts.

@System Administrators @Project Management and Business Analysis