I have 3 RT's and page layouts on the Account obj.
There is a fields that is not on the respective layout that is showing on the form when you create new account but not showing up on the record once it is created. The field are not required or default fields. See pics.
How is this possible?
Michael Brown (Salesforce) 
Forum Ambassador
Do you by chance have multiple Account Layouts. It looks like you're creating a record with the Recruiter Account type. I would double check to see what page layout is assigned to that record type. I suspect there is a different one because looking closer at your screenshots, when you go into the page layout Editor for the Account Layout, the Type field is not on that page layout, but the fact that it's appear when creating a new recruiter account makes me think that a separate page layout is assigned to that Account.
As far as the other issue, I wonder if this setting is causing the field level security issue. With the announcement that profile permissions are being retired in a few years, permission sets are be pushed, and there's a new setting that display permission sets on the Field Level Security screen instead of profiles. I wonder if that was enabled in your org. This can be found under Setup --> User Management Settings
