Work with Salesforce Data

Learning Objectives

After completing this unit, you’ll be able to:

Appreciate the importance of choosing the best way to work with Salesforce data, based on a specific use case.
Describe how Lightning Data Service compares to standard controllers in Visualforce.
Explain how using Apex in Lightning web components is different from using Apex in Visualforce.

Data Access in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

As a Visualforce developer, you’re familiar with using standard controllers and binding Apex controller methods in your page to work with Salesforce data. In Lightning Web Components, your JavaScript code interacts with either the Lightning Data Service (LDS), or Apex code.

Traditional Visualforce Data Access	Lightning Web Components Data Access

Visualforce pages that retrieve or modify data use a standard controller or an Apex controller. Traditionally, the client invokes controller methods when the page loads or as actions. After a method runs, the Visualforce engine generates the final markup and sends it to the client.	Lightning web components that retrieve or modify data use Lightning Data Service or Apex methods. The client uses JavaScript to call Lightning Data Service or an Apex method. After Lightning Data Service or an Apex method runs, the Lightning Web Components engine returns the minimal needed data to the client. JavaScript on the client processes the data and generates the final markup.

Lightning Data Service vs StandardController

Lightning Data Service is the preferred (and easiest) way to work with Salesforce data in Lightning web components. Lightning Data Service is a similar concept to a Visualforce standard controller. Use Lightning Data Service in JavaScript to read, create, or modify single records, or to read some metadata, without writing Apex code. Lightning Data Service provides advanced capabilities such as caching and synchronization among components.

To use Lightning Data Service, you have two options: Use a base component that allows you to build forms, or use an LDS wire adapter or function. The code to use Lightning Data Service is very specific, and fully explained in Use Lightning Data Service to Work with Data in the Lightning Web Components and Salesforce Data module.

Apex in Visualforce vs Apex in Lightning Web Components

Lightning Data Service doesn’t meet the requirements of all use cases. For example, when you want to customize a single-record data transaction, or perform multi-record operations on a single transaction, you need Apex. Before you use Apex with Lightning web components, be aware that using Apex in a Lightning web component is different from using Apex in Visualforce. The main differences are:

Methods are stateless.
Methods must be @AuraEnabled, and can be marked as cacheable.
You import Apex methods and then call them.
You bind components to record pages in a metadata xml file, and access the record Id in the JavaScript file.
Proper error handling involves throwing exceptions, instead of using page messages.

Let’s explore these differences further.

View State vs Stateless Methods

Visualforce uses the view state to maintain state between server requests. The view state recreates the page and passes the state to different pages in wizards and guided workflows. In Lightning web components, server requests are stateless. This has important implications for how you write Apex calls. Every time you make an Apex call, you must pass all the information that the method needs, and the method must return all the information that the component needs. Additionally, to call an Apex method from a Lightning web component, the method must be annotated with @AuraEnabled.

Let’s examine a Visualforce Apex controller.

AccountListControllerVisualforce.cls

public with sharing class AccountListControllerVisualforce {
    public List<Account> accounts { get; private set; }
    public Integer numberOfEmployees { get; set; }
    public void queryAccounts() {
        // In real world, probably more complex logic here
        this.accounts = [
            SELECT Name
            FROM Account
            WHERE NumberOfEmployees = :numberOfEmployees
        ];
    }
}

Code highlights:

Lines 2–3: The accounts and numberOfEmployees properties are defined as instance variables, and they are part of the controller view state.
Lines 6–9: The queryAccounts method stores a list of Accounts filtered by numberOfEmployees in the accounts variable, which we can reference in the Visualforce page.

Here’s how to transform that AccountListController for Visualforce into a controller for a Lightning web component.

Annotate the Apex methods with @AuraEnabled, with or without the cacheable attribute. (By default, data is not cacheable in the client.)
Ensure that methods are stateless by making them static and independent of all instance variables and properties.
Pass everything that a method requires as parameters.
Make sure each method returns everything the component needs.

Here's the controller as adapted for use by a Lightning web component.

AccountListControllerLwc.cls

public with sharing class AccountListControllerLwc {
    @AuraEnabled(cacheable=true)
    public static List<Account> queryAccounts(Integer numberOfEmployees) {
        return [ // Return whatever the component needs
            SELECT Name
            FROM Account
            WHERE NumberOfEmployees >= :numberOfEmployees
        ];
    }
}

Code highlights:

Line 2: We annotate the queryAccounts method with @AuraEnabled, and we set its cacheable attribute to true.
Line 3: We make the queryAccounts method static, and define numberOfEmployees as an Integer parameter.
Lines 4–8: The queryAccounts method returns the filtered list of accounts.

When you mark a method as cacheable, you avoid making repetitive calls to the server. However, newly added or changed versions of records may not be returned until the cache is refreshed. To understand the implications of caching Apex methods, and how to refresh the cache, see Use Apex to Work with Data in the Lightning Web Components and Salesforce Data module.

Calling Apex in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

In Visualforce, to reference an Apex method in the component markup, you bind an Apex controller to the Visualforce page by specifying it as an attribute in the <apex:page> tag. In Lightning Web Components, instead of binding the controller and referencing the Apex methods in the page, we import the methods into the JavaScript file and then invoke the methods in JavaScript.

import queryAccounts from '@salesforce/apex/AccountListControllerLwc.queryAccounts';

There are two ways to interact with Apex methods from Lightning web components: Either wire the method or call the method imperatively. Wiring a method delegates control to the Lightning Web Components engine and creates a reactive service. Calling Apex imperatively results in a one-time invocation. Exactly when and how to use each option is beyond the scope of this module. To learn more, see the Lightning Web Components and Salesforce Data module.

Accessing a Record Id in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

In Visualforce, accessing a record Id within an Apex controller is pretty simple. Using a standard controller, you retrieve the record Id from the ApexPages.StandardController object.

For instance, consider this Apex controller, which shows contacts related to an account by extending a page that uses the Account standard controller.

AccountControllerVisualforce.cls

public with sharing class AccountControllerVisualforce {
    public List<Contact> contacts { get; private set; }
    private ApexPages.StandardController standardController;
    public AccountControllerVisualforce(ApexPages.StandardController standardController) {
        this.standardController = standardController;
        this.contacts = new List<Contact>();
    }
    public void queryRelatedContacts() {
        this.contacts = [
            SELECT Name, Title, Email, Phone
            FROM Contact
            WHERE AccountId = :standardController.getId() // (2)
        ];
   }
}

Code highlights:

Line 4: We receive a standardController object into the constructor, because the page uses the Account standard controller.
Line 12: To get the Id of the Account record that the page refers to, we call the getId method on the standardController object. This way, we can query the contacts for the related Account record, filtering for its Id.

In Lightning web components, accessing a record Id in Apex is a little less straightforward. To access a record Id:

Expose the component so that it’s available on record pages.
In JavaScript, declare recordId as a public property. The parent component (the record Flexipage) populates the value of the recordId property.
Pass the recordId as a parameter in Apex method calls.

Let’s review an example.

accountDetails.js-meta.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<LightningComponentBundle xmlns="http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata">
    <apiVersion>48.0</apiVersion>
    <isExposed>true</isExposed>
    <targets>
        <target>lightning__RecordPage</target>
    </targets>
</LightningComponentBundle>

accountDetails.js

import { LightningElement, wire, api } from 'lwc';
import queryRelatedContacts from '@salesforce/apex/AccountControllerLwc.queryRelatedContacts';
export default class AccountInfo extends LightningElement {
    @api recordId;
    @wire(queryRelatedContacts, { accountId: '$recordId' })
    contacts;
}

AccountControllerLwc.cls

public with sharing class AccountControllerLwc {
    @AuraEnabled(cacheable=true)
    public static List<Contact> queryRelatedContacts(Id accountId) {
        return [
            SELECT Name, Title, Email, Phone
            FROM Contact
            WHERE AccountId = :accountId
        ];
    }
}

Code highlights:

accountDetails.js-meta.xml

Lines 4–7: We set isExposed to true and add lightning__RecordPage as a target for the component, making the component available on record pages.

accountDetails.js

Line 4: We declare the recordId property and make it public by decorating it with @api. The Flexipage populates the recordId property.
Lines 5–6: We pass the recordId property as an argument to the queryRelatedContacts Apex method’s accountId parameter. (In this case we’ve used @wire, but we could have called Apex imperatively.) The result is stored in the contacts property.

AccountControllerLwc.cls

Line 3: The queryRelatedContacts Apex method receives the accountId as an argument. Remember, the method is stateless.
Lines 4-8: The queryRelatedContacts method uses accountId to return the Account’s Contacts.

Server Errors in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

In Visualforce, you use tags such as <apex:pageMessages> and <apex:pageMessage> to show errors in different ways on a Visualforce page. For these tags to work well, you must handle exceptions in the Apex controller and add Messages to the page, like this:

try {
    // Perform logic that may throw an exception.
} catch (Exception e) {
    ApexPages.addMessages(e);
}

In Lightning web components, we handle exceptions in the JavaScript file. As a developer, you decide whether to let exceptions propagate or to gain more control over what’s shown to the user by throwing an AuraHandledException or a custom exception. Throw a custom exception like this:

try {
    // Perform logic that may throw an exception.
} catch (Exception e) {
    throw new MyCustomException('Records could not be retrieved at this time. Try again later');
}

Handling server errors is covered in more detail in the Lightning Web Components and Salesforce Data module.

Disable Lightning Component Caching

Lightning Experience uses secure data caching in the browser to improve page performance by avoiding additional round trips to the server. While this is helpful and recommended in production environments, disable caching during development to see the effect of any code changes without needing to empty the cache or wait for the cache to expire.

From Setup, enter session in the Quick Find box, then click Session Settings.
Deselect the checkbox: Enable secure and persistent browser caching to improve performance.
Click Save.

Session settings, showing secure and persistent browser caching disabled.

Disabling secure and persistent browser caching has a significant negative performance impact on Lightning Experience. Always enable the setting in production orgs.

Invoke Apex to Retrieve Filtered Records

In the accountSearch component that you created, let’s retrieve a list of accounts filtered by the number of employees provided.

Create an AccountListControllerLwc Apex class:
1. In the Visual Studio Code command palette, select (or enter) SFDX: Create Apex Class and then press Enter.
2. For the filename, enter AccountListControllerLwc and then press Enter.
3. Accept the default location (classes), and then press Enter.
Add this method to your AccountListControllerLwc class:

@AuraEnabled(cacheable=true)
public static List<Account> queryAccountsByEmployeeNumber(Integer numberOfEmployees) {
    return [
        SELECT Name
        FROM Account
        WHERE NumberOfEmployees >= :numberOfEmployees
    ];
}

Save the AccountListControllerLwc class.
In your accountSearch.js file, import the wire decorator and the queryAccountsByEmployeeNumber Apex method by replacing the first line of code with this code:

import { LightningElement, wire } from 'lwc';
import queryAccountsByEmployeeNumber from '@salesforce/apex/AccountListControllerLwc.queryAccountsByEmployeeNumber';

Finally, after the reset method, add this code:

@wire(queryAccountsByEmployeeNumber, { numberOfEmployees: '$numberOfEmployees' })
accounts;

Save the accountSearch.js file.

In the accountSearch.html file, after </lightning-button>, add this code:

<template lwc:if={accounts.data}>
    <template for:each={accounts.data} for:item="account">
         <p key={account.Id}>{account.Name}</p>
    </template>
</template>

Save the accountSearch.html file.
Deploy the AccountListControllerLwc class file to your Trailhead Playground: Right-click the classes folder and select SFDX: Deploy Source to Org.
Deploy the accountSearch component files to your Trailhead Playground: Right-click the accountSearch folder and select SFDX: Deploy Source to Org.
If your Trailhead Playground isn’t already open, open it. (In the command palette, select (or enter) SFDX: Open Default Org.)
Navigate to the LWC Visualforce Devs page and test your component by entering a value in the Number of Employees field. The list of accounts should be updated when you change the Number of Employees.

You just accessed data from the Salesforce org in a Lightning web component. Well done! Now try one on your own by completing the hands-on challenge.

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Work with Salesforce Data

Learning Objectives

Data Access in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

Lightning Data Service vs StandardController

Apex in Visualforce vs Apex in Lightning Web Components

View State vs Stateless Methods

Calling Apex in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

Accessing a Record Id in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

Server Errors in Visualforce vs Lightning Web Components

Disable Lightning Component Caching

Invoke Apex to Retrieve Filtered Records

Resources